AdSense is a program for publishers who, after being approved by Google, can place the codes for display advertisements on their website or blog. When visitors click on the ads, which relate to the content, the publisher earns a percentage of what Google earns from the advertiser. It's not to be confused with AdWords, which are the ads that appear at the top and to the right of the search results.
New publishers may mistakenly believe that placing AdSense ads on their account will boost their rankings on Google's SERPs. After earning more than $89 billion in 2016, the majority of which came from advertising revenues, Google has no reason to do anything that would question the AdSense program's integrity.
Joining the AdSense program is one of the easiest ways to monetize an account, however, if publishers do not pay attention to SEO, such as generating great content consistently, they will not earn as much revenue, since the site will have fewer visitors. SEO becomes more important that ever for sites monetized with AdSense.
Increasing a site's ranking purely because it has AdSense advertising is counterproductive for Google. The search engine earns revenue from advertisers when someone clicks on the ad; no one will click if they do not stay on the site. SEO isn't about search engines anyone, it is about the visitor experience. If Google were worried about making more money from AdSense, they would rank the responsive sites with high quality content first, which they do already, and hope that they had AdSense on them.
SEO experts follow everything that Google says and does avidly. If joining the AdSense program gave a website preferential treatment in the SERPs, they would encourage all of their clients to join. The answer to the question is absolutely not, having AdSense ads on a website does not effect the ranking at all.